)
Edge19 Sep 2025
American Express: An Empire of Plastic
How history, brand, and structure have steadily built American Express' moat, and why Warren Buffett still calls it a one-of-a-kind business.
Visa (V) investor relations material
Visa Proxy Filing summary
Complete event summary combining all related documents: earnings call transcript, report, and slide presentation.Proxy Filing summary8 Dec, 2025
Executive summary
Annual meeting scheduled for January 27, 2026, to be held virtually for shareholder participation.
Shareholders are encouraged to review proxy materials online and vote by January 26, 2026.
Voting matters and shareholder proposals
Election of eleven director nominees is up for shareholder vote.
Advisory vote on executive compensation for named executive officers.
Ratification of KPMG LLP as independent auditor for fiscal year 2026.
Proposal to amend the Eighth Restated Certificate of Incorporation to limit officer liability under Delaware law.
Four shareholder proposals: independent chair policy, right to act by written consent, report on online sexual exploitation, and inclusion ROI audit.
Board of directors and corporate governance
Eleven director nominees are listed for election, including Lloyd A. Carney, Kermit R. Crawford, and others.
Impact of officer liability amendment
Board's view on independent chair policy
Details on online exploitation report proposal
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AGM 202627 Jan, 2026
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Edge1 Mar 2024
Visa and Mastercard: The Global Payment Duopoly
Explore one of the world's largest and most discussed duopolies, from the origins of the credit card to its combined market value of $850 billion.
Frequently asked questions
Multinational financial services
Visa undeniably has one of the more attractive business models out there. You might think they issue cards and generate loans, but no, the company is facilitating transactions and is a royalty on consumer spending in a non-cash world. If you’re optimistic about the world and where it’s heading, Visa is undoubtedly a way to ride this trend, as cash still is used in many countries, and Visa's entrance into these markets will fuel their continued growth.
One of the world's largest card payment organizations
Visa is together with MasterCard, American Express, and Discover, the largest credit card network in the world.
Further reading: The Payment's Value Chain: A Complex Ecosystem
Visa has grown its revenue from 10.4 billion dollars in 2012 to 30.5 billion dollars in 2021, and EBITDA over the same period grew from 6.3 billion to 21 billion. This steadily increasing EBITDA margin, outpacing the revenue growth, is key, as more transactions pushed through Visa’s network mean higher incremental margins.
This asset-light business model enables the company to earn high margins, as stated, and also to invest in emerging technologies.
Their four-party payment system—VisaNet, facilitates transactions by authorizing, clearing, and settling them. The four parties involved in this system are:
Account holders. The cardholder who uses the card for payment anywhere that it's acceptable.
Issuers. Financial institutions are issuing Visa cards and products to account holders.
Acquirers. Contracts with merchants to accept Visa products.
Merchants. Retailers or billers accept Visa as an electronic payment method.
From cash to card worldwide
The shift from cash to cashless payments is in full motion. China and India, for example, more than 180 million people, respectively, made their first digital payments after the start of COVID-19. However, the trend is still in its infancy in most parts of the world, meaning significant growth opportunities lie ahead.
Further reading: Visa and Mastercard: The Global Payment Duopoly
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